Effects of Coriander on the Repair Process of Experimentally-induced Periodontitis in Rats.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Coriandrum sativum L. (CSL) seed extract on gingival levels of antioxidant enzymes, pro-inflammatory cytokines and on alveolar bone and attachment levels after experimental periodontitis induction in rats and compare it with low-dose doxycycline (LDD). Forty adult male Wistar Albino rats were divided randomly into 5 groups as follows: 1 = periodontally healthy (control); 2 = periodontitis; 3 = periodontitis + CSL (32 mg/kg); 4 = periodontitis + CSL (200 mg/kg); and 5 = periodontitis + LDD (6 mg/kg). Gingival superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) levels were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The presence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1ßeta (IL-1ß) immunoreactivity was detected immunohistochemically. Alveolar bone area in the furcation space (ABA), alveolar bone loss (ABL), and attachment loss (AL) were evaluated histomorphometrically. The SOD level was lower in group 5 than in groups 2, 3, and 4. The IL-1ß level was highest in group 4. The TNF-α level was statistically higher in groups 2 and 4 than in groups 1, 3, and 5. The IL-6 level was highest in group 4. Its level was higher in groups 2 and 3 than in group 5. ABA was less in groups 2, 3, and 4 compared to groups 1 and 5. ABL was less in group 5 than in groups 2, 3, and 4. AL was greater in group 4 than in group 5. The use of 200 mg/kg CSL showed a pro-inflammatory effect and IL-1ß and TNF-α levels decreased after 32 mg/kg CSL application in the treatment of periodontitis.

The Effects of Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin on Implant Stability.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF) on implant stability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 40 implants (BEGO Semados RS/RSX implants, BEGO Implant System) were surgically placed in 15 patients between the ages of 25 and 67 years who had mandibular edentulous areas. After the implant sockets were prepared with the appropriate protocol, i-PRF was applied to the implant surface and socket with the help of a 5-cc sterile syringe in the study group, and implants were placed without i-PRF in the control group. In the research process, the resonance frequency analysis (RFA) method was used to measure implant stability. The implant stability quotient (ISQ) values were determined during the time of the operation and at the first, second, and fourth weeks. RESULTS: The results obtained after the stability measurement periods showed that the decrease in the mean ISQ values in the control group was statistically significant in the first week. Evaluations made in the following weeks were not statistically significant. The study group showed an increase in ISQ values during the measurement periods, and the increases in the second and fourth weeks were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: I-PRF had positive effects on early implant stability, and i-PRF can be safely used in dental implant surgery and promotes bone healing around dental implants.

Growth factor membranes in treatment of multiple gingival recessions: a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the clinical effects of concentrated growth factor (CGF) in combination with coronally advanced flap (CAF) compared with platelet rich fibrin (PRF)+CAF for the treatment of multiple adjacent gingival recessions (GRs). METHOD AND MATERIALS: 18 subjects with total of 76 Type I GRs in the maxilla were included. Recessions were randomly treated according to a split-mouth design by means of CGF+CAF (39 defects, CGF side), or PRF+CAF (37 defects, PRF side). Clinical outcomes were evaluated at 6 months. RESULTS: The mean root coverage was 86.32% and 80.86%, and complete root coverage was 61.53% (24/39) and 51.35% (19/37) for CGF side and PRF side, respectively, at 6 months. Statistically significant gains were observed in the terms of clinical attachment level, recession depth, keratinized gingiva width, gingival thickness, and recession width in the both sides at 6 months compared to baseline values; no statistically significant difference was observed in these parameters between the two sides at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: According to results, the use of CGF+CAF was not superior to PRF+CAF in providing additional benefits in clinical parameters. Keratinized gingiva width and gingival thickness significantly increased with the use of CGF and PRF membranes together with CAF.

The effect of ellagic acid on the repair process of periodontal defects related to experimental periodontitis in rats.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the effect of ellagic acid (EA) by measuring the levels of alveolar bone resorption and inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in the periodontal tissues and serum on the periodontal repair process related to experimental periodontitis in rats. METHODOLOGY: Forty Wistar rats were divided into four study groups as follows: Group 1=healthy control (n=10); Group 2=EA control (15 mg/kg)(n=10); Group 3=periodontitis (n=10); Group 4=periodontitis+EA (15 mg/kg) (n=10). The periodontitis model was established by ligating bilateral mandibular first molars for 14 days. Then, rats were given normal saline or EA for another 14 days by gavage administration. Serum and gingiva myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine(8-OHdG), and glutathione (GSH) levels were analyzed by ELISA. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) immunoreactivities in the periodontal tissues. Alveolar bone loss (ABL) and attachment loss (AL) was evaluated by histomorphometry analysis. RESULTS: ABL and AL were statistically higher in group 3 than in groups 1, 2 and 4 and in group 4 than in groups 1 and 2 (p<0.05). MPO activities in gingival tissue and serum were significantly increased in group 3 compared to groups 1 and 2 (p<0.05). Significantly higher serum GSH levels, lower gingiva, and serum 8-OHdG levels, and MPO activity were observed in group 4 compared to group 3 (p<0.05). Rats with periodontitis (group 3) expressed significantly higher immunoreactivities of IL-6 and TNF-α and lower IL-10 immunoreactivity compared to those other groups (p<0.05). IL-6 and TNF-α immunoreactivities significantly decreased and IL-10 immunoreactivity increased in group 4 after the use of EA compared to group 3 (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed that EA provides significant improvements on gingival oxidative stress and inflammatory markers and alveolar bone resorption in the repair process associated with experimental periodontitis. Therefore, EA may have a therapeutic potential on periodontitis.

Emerging roles of Interleukin-34 together with receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand and osteoprotegerin levels in periodontal disease.

OBJECTIVE: The dependence between gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of Interleukin-34 (IL-34) level and Receptor activator of nuclear factor -kB ligand/ osteoprotegerin (RANKL/OPG) ratio in the severity of periodontitis might reveal an unknown pathway of diseases with bone destruction. There is no study about the evaluation of IL-34 levels together with GCF RANKL and OPG levels in periodontitis patients before and after non-surgical periodontal treatment (NSPT). The objectives of this research were to investigate changes in the levels and relative ratios of IL-34, OPG, and RANKL in the GCF of patients with periodontitis before and after NSPT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 20 healthy participants (CTRL), 20 patients with stage 3-grade B periodontitis and 20 with stage 3-grade C periodontitis were recruited. GCF and clinical periodontal recordings were investigated at the baseline and 6 weeks after NSPT. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used for quantifying of GCF IL-34, RANKL and OPG levels and their relative ratios were calculated. RESULTS: Greater values for GCF IL-34 and RANKL levels were found in the both of periodontitis groups than in CTRL group at baseline, whereas GCF OPG levels were statistically lower at baseline (P < 0.05). GCF IL-34 and RANKL levels decreased in the 6th week after NSPT in the both periodontitis groups, while the concentration OPG levels statistically increased (P < 0.05). Significantly positive correlations among the IL-34 with RANKL, sampled-site clinical attachment level (CAL), and gingival index (GI), whereas negative correlation with OPG were reported (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: GCF IL-34 levels was high in patients with periodontitis and decreased after NSPT and its levels showed positive correlations with RANKL/OPG ratio levels CAL and GI. Determining of IL-34 levels together with RANKL/OPG ratio in GCF may therefore be valuable in detecting high risk individuals with periodontitis patients.

Clinical evaluation of the treatment of multiple gingival recessions with connective tissue graft or concentrated growth factor using tunnel technique: a randomized controlled clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of the combination of tunnel technique (TT) and concentrated growth factor (CGF) for root coverage in treating multiple gingival recessions (GR) and compare with the connective tissue graft (CTG). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty patients with Miller Class I and II maxillary or mandibular GR were randomly divided into two groups as follows: TT + CTG and TT + CGF. The results at baseline and 6 months were evaluated for the following clinical parameters: complete root coverage (CRC), mean root coverage (MRC), gingival thickness (GT), gingival recession width (RW), gingival recession depth (RD), and keratinized tissue width (KTW). RESULTS: At 6 months, a statistically significant difference was found in RD, RW, MRC, CRC, KTW, and GT compared with the baseline (p < 0.05). MRC was determined 89.52±16.36% in the TT + CTG and 76.60±24.10% in the TT + CGF (p < 0.05). CRC was achieved in 66.7% of the TT + CTG and 47.4% of the TT + CGF (p < 0.05). The increase in KTW and GT was significantly better in the TT + CTG group compared to the TT + CGF (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The study showed that TT + CGF did not improve the results as much as TT + CTG in the treatment of Miller Class I and II GR. However, this finding is not sufficient to advocate the true clinical effects of CGF on GR treatment with TT. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: CGF could not serve as a direct alternative biomaterial to the gold standard CTG. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identification Number: NCT04561947.

Leucine-rich alpha-2 glycoprotein (LRG): A novel acute phase protein expressed in Stage 3 Grade C periodontitis before and after periodontal therapy.

BACKGROUND: Leucine-rich alpha-2 glycoprotein (LRG) is a novel acute phase protein involved in inflammation-associated diseases and that considered to be induced by multiple proinflammatory cytokines. This study aimed to investigate gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum levels of LRG, interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in patients with Stage 3 periodontitis before and after non-surgical periodontal treatment. METHODS: Twenty-five Stage 3 periodontitis and twenty-five periodontally healthy individuals were enrolled in the study. Clinical periodontal measurements were recorded; periodontitis patients received non-surgical periodontal treatment, and GCF and serum samples were obtained at baseline and at 6 weeks after treatment. LRG, IL-6 and TNF-α were determined by ELISA. RESULTS: GCF and serum LRG, IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly higher in periodontitis group than healthy controls (P < .001). A significant decrease in GCF and serum LRG, IL-6 and TNF-α was detected after periodontal treatment compared with baseline values of periodontitis patients (P < .001). CONCLUSION: Our findings revealed that LRG expression was increased in Stage 3 periodontitis both locally and systemically, and non-surgical periodontal therapy was effective in reducing LRG levels in GCF and serum of these patients.

The effect of ellagic acid on the repair process of periodontal defects related to experimental periodontitis in rats

Abstract Objective This study aims to evaluate the effect of ellagic acid (EA) by measuring the levels of alveolar bone resorption and inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in the periodontal tissues and serum on the periodontal repair process related to experimental periodontitis in rats. Methodology Forty Wistar rats were divided into four study groups as follows: Group 1=healthy control (n=10); Group 2=EA control (15 mg/kg)(n=10); Group 3=periodontitis (n=10); Group 4=periodontitis+EA (15 mg/kg) (n=10). The periodontitis model was established by ligating bilateral mandibular first molars for 14 days. Then, rats were given normal saline or EA for another 14 days by gavage administration. Serum and gingiva myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine(8-OHdG), and glutathione (GSH) levels were analyzed by ELISA. İmmunohistochemical analysis was used to detect Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) immunoreactivities in the periodontal tissues. Alveolar bone loss (ABL) and attachment loss (AL) was evaluated by histomorphometry analysis. Results ABL and AL were statistically higher in group 3 than in groups 1, 2 and 4 and in group 4 than in groups 1 and 2 (p<0.05). MPO activities in gingival tissue and serum were significantly increased in group 3 compared to groups 1 and 2 (p<0.05). Significantly higher serum GSH levels, lower gingiva, and serum 8-OHdG levels, and MPO activity were observed in group 4 compared to group 3 (p<0.05). Rats with periodontitis (group 3) expressed significantly higher immunoreactivities of IL-6 and TNF-α and lower IL-10 immunoreactivity compared to those other groups (p<0.05). IL-6 and TNF-α immunoreactivities significantly decreased and IL-10 immunoreactivity increased in group 4 after the use of EA compared to group 3 (p<0.001). Conclusions Our findings showed that EA provides significant improvements on gingival oxidative stress and inflammatory markers and alveolar bone resorption in the repair process associated with experimental periodontitis. Therefore, EA may have a therapeutic potential on periodontitis.

Folate-receptor 1 level in periodontal disease: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum folate-receptor 1 (FOLR1) levels in subjects with different periodontal status. METHODS: The study consists of three groups: Healthy group (n = 15), gingivitis group (n = 15) and chronic periodontitis group (n = 15). Clinical periodontal parameters including probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival index (GI) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were assessed. GCF and serum samples were collected from each patient and were analyzed FOLR1 levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The values of FOLR1 in GCF were higher in gingivitis and periodontitis groups than among patient in control group (p < 0.016). Serum FOLR1 levels showed no significant difference between the groups. A significant correlation was observed between FOLR1 levels of GCF and BOP (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary data suggest that FOLR1 is not useful in monitoring the periodontal disease. Further studies are necessary to clarify the role, regulation and function of folate and it's receptors in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.

Impact of Three Different Education Methods on Oral Hygiene and Theoretical Knowledge of Schoolchildren

Objective: To evaluate the impact of three different education methods on the oral hygiene levels of school children using clinical and theoretical findings. Material and Methods: 144 children (72 males and 72 females), whose ages ranged between 8-13, were divided into 12 equal experimental groups according to their ages and gender. They were all considered to have poor hygiene. Only one out of the three different education methods (brochure, model or video) was applied to each group. The percentage change in PI, GI, BOP and theoretical test points from the baseline to the 6th months were evaluated. The data was statistically analysed by using Kolmogorov- Smirnov and One-way ANOVA tests. Results: Reduction in PI, GI and BOP scores was significantly greater (p<0.05) in the video applied groups compared to the brochure groups in the age of 8-10 groups for both genders and in 11-13-year-old males. In 11- 13-year-old females, all methods showed similar results (p>0.05). There was no significant difference in test points in 8-10 and 11-13-year-old female groups (p>0.05), whereas a significant increase in test points was observed in the video and model applied groups compared to the brochure groups in 8-10 and 11-13-year-old male groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: It may be more helpful and effective for children to get the oral hygiene education using the visual methods, especially for those under the age of ten.

Effect of Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment on Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Serum Endocan, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A, and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Levels.

BACKGROUND: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that occurs due to the interaction between pathogenic microorganisms and host defenses. Endocan is a proteoglycan secreted by endothelial cells under the control of inflammatory cytokines. Aims of the study are to determine serum and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) endocan levels in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases, supported with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha levels. This study additionally aims to evaluate correlation between GCF endocan levels, VEGF-A, and TNF-α levels with periodontal probing depth (PD). METHODS: The study consists of two groups: group 1 (n = 20), healthy individuals; group 2 (n = 20), individuals with generalized chronic periodontitis (CP). Clinical measurements were recorded; GCF and serum samples were obtained from each participant before and 6 weeks after therapy. Levels of biomarkers were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Intergroup comparisons of biochemical and clinical parameters were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis/Bonferroni-adjusted Mann-Whitney U test using statistical software. RESULTS: Serum and GCF endocan, VEGF-A, and TNF-α levels were significantly higher in patients with CP than in healthy individuals (P <0.001) and decreased after treatment (P <0.03). A significant correlation was observed between GCF TNF-α and PD (4 mm ≤ PD ≤5 mm and PD ≥6 mm). A significant relationship was found among GCF endocan and TNF-α, VEGF-A, CAL, and GI for all groups (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Endocan and TNF-α levels, both in GCF and serum, increased from health to periodontitis and decreased with non-surgical periodontal treatment. Within the limits of the study, endocan may be considered as a potential inflammatory marker for periodontal disease.

The levels of visceral adipose tissue-derived serpin, omentin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α in the gingival crevicular fluid of obese patients following periodontal therapy.

The aim of this clinical study was to determine levels of visceral adipose tissue-derived serpin (vaspin), omentin-1, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of obese and non-obese periodontitis patients following nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Seventy-six subjects were separated into four groups according to periodontal and anthropometric measurements: a periodontal-healthy group, a chronic periodontitis (CP) group, a periodontal-healthy with obesity group, and a CP with obesity group. Nonsurgical periodontal treatment was administered to periodontitis patients. Before treatment and at 6 weeks after treatment, GCF samples were analyzed and clinical periodontal parameters were examined. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure the levels of vaspin, omentin-1, and TNF-α. Obese and non-obese CP patients displayed higher levels of vaspin and TNF-α (P < 0.008), which declined following treatment (P < 0.025), and lower omentin levels (P < 0.008), which increased after treatment (P < 0.025). There was a negative correlation between the total amount of vaspin and omentin-1 in all groups. Obese and non-obese patients had opposing levels of vaspin and omentin-1 in the GCF; therefore, these may represent diagnostic and prognostic indicators of periodontal disease and therapeutic outcome.(J Oral Sci 58, 465-473, 2016).

Visfatin levels in gingival crevicular fluid and serum before and after non-surgical treatment for periodontal diseases.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate visfatin levels at different stages of periodontal disease and in healthy tissues. In addition, the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on visfatin levels in gingival crevicular fluid and serum was investigated. Forty-five patients were divided into three groups based on clinical and radiographical findings. Group 1 comprised periodontally healthy individuals (n = 15); group 2 comprised patients with gingivitis (n = 15); and group 3 was composed of patients with generalized chronic periodontitis (n = 15). Gingival crevicular fluid and serum samples were collected before treatment and at 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment. Visfatin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Gingival crevicular fluid and serum visfatin levels were higher in patients with chronic periodontitis than those with gingivitis or healthy controls (P < 0.016). In addition, visfatin levels were higher in the gingivitis group than in healthy controls (P < 0.016). Non-surgical periodontal treatment resulted in a significant reduction in gingival crevicular fluid and serum visfatin levels. Furthermore, visfatin levels increased with inflammation and decreased following periodontal treatment. Our findings suggest that visfatin is an inflammatory biomarker of periodontal disease.(J Oral Sci 58, 491-499, 2016).

Effect of Local Rosuvastatin Administration on Calvarial Bone Defects.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential of the local administration of different doses of rosuvastatin (RSV) on autogenous grafted critical-sized cortical bone defects. Twenty-four rats were divided into 3 groups: Group C (control), Group RSV-0.1, and Group RSV-1. A 5-mm diameter critical-size defect was created in the calvarium of each animal. In Group C, the defect was filled by autogenous graft and sterile saline-treated absorbable collagen sponge (ACS) was applied. Defects in the experimental groups (groups RSV-0.1 and RSV-1) were grafted by autogenous graft and ACS with saline solution containing 0.1- and 1-mg RSV were applied. All animals were euthanized at 28 days after operation. Stereologic and micro-computed tomography (µCT) analyses were performed. New bone area and connective tissue volumes were measured. Stereologic analysis showed that the difference between group RSV-1 with a mean bone formation of 1.79 ±â€Š0.06 mm and groups RSV-0.1 and control (C) was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) with a mean bone formation of 1.29 ±â€Š0.28 mm and 1.08 ±â€Š0.12 mm, respectively. Connective tissue volume was also significantly higher in 1-mg RSV applicated group. Micro-CT results were similar with stereologic analyses. Local administered 1-mg RSV enhances bone regeneration in critical-size calvarial rat defects filled with autogenous graft.

Levels of vaspin and omentin-1 in gingival crevicular fluid as potential markers of inflammation in patients with chronic periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The aims of the present study were to determine the levels of vaspin and omentin-1 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and to evaluate GCF vaspin and omentin-1 levels after non-surgical periodontal therapy. The study included 60 subjects: 15 systemically and periodontally healthy individuals, 15 periodontally healthy patients with T2DM, 15 systemically healthy patients with CP, and 15 patients with both CP and T2DM. GCF and clinical periodontal parameters were examined at the baseline and 6 weeks after periodontal therapy. Levels of vaspin, omentin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were measured by ELISA, and their relative ratios were calculated. GCF vaspin and TNF-α levels were significantly higher in the CP groups than in the periodontally healthy groups (P < 0.008) and decreased after therapy in the former (P < 0.025). GCF omentin-1 levels were significantly lower in the CP groups than in the periodontally healthy groups (P < 0.008) and increased after therapy in the former (P < 0.05). Statistically significant positive correlations were found between the total amount of vaspin and TNF-α, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), clinical attachment level and gingival index, whereas the level of omentin-1 was negatively correlated with these parameters in all groups (P < 0.05). We found that non-surgical periodontal therapy influenced the GCF levels of both vaspin and omentin-1 in the CP groups. Our results suggest that the levels of vaspin and omentin-1 in GCF could have potential application as inflammatory markers of diabetes, periodontal disease and treatment outcome. (J Oral Sci 58, 379-389, 2016).

Radiological and Stereological Evaluation of the Effect of Rifampin on Bone Healing in Critical-Size Defects.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the effect of rifampin with autogenous bone on bone regeneration in critical-size defects in the calvaria of rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In total, 40 rats were divided into 4 groups and a 5-mm diameter of calvarial defect was made in each rat's calvarium. Control group (C), bone defects were irrigated with sterile saline; rifampin group (R), bone defects were irrigated with rifampin. In the autogenous graft group (Ag), the autogenous graft was contaminated with saliva, and the defects were filled with an autogenous graft. In the autogenous graft + rifampin group (Ag+R), the autogenous graft was contaminated with saliva and was decontaminated with rifampin, and the defects were filled with the autogenous graft. The animals were killed at 4weeks. Bone formation was assessed by micro-computed tomography scanning and stereological analyses. RESULTS: The mean new bone volume was the greatest in the Ag/rifampin group (1.73 ±â€Š0.17), followed by the Ag group (1.50 ±â€Š0.05) (statistically significant difference at P < 0.05). The new bone volume was the lowest in the control group (1.05 ±â€Š0.09); however, no difference was observed compared with the rifampin group (1.08 ±â€Š0.07) (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study, despite its limitations, showed that rifampin with autogenous bone increased bone regeneration in rats with critical-size defects.

The influence of oral administration of rosuvastatin on calvarial bone healing in rats.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential of the systemic administration of different doses of rosuvastatin (RSV) on autogenous grafted critical-sized cortical bone defects. Twenty-four rats were divided into three groups: Group C (control), Group RSV-2 and Group RSV-5. A 5-mm diameter critical-size defect was created in the calvarium of each animal. In Group C, the defect was filled by autogenous graft only and rats were given saline solution with oral gavage for 28 days. In Group RSV-2 defects were filled with autogenous graft and rats were given 2 mg/kg rosuvastatin with oral gavage for 28 days. In Group RSV-5 defects were filled with autogenous graft and rats were given 5 mg/kg rosuvastatin with oral gavage for 28 days. All animals were euthanized at 28 days postoperative. Stereologic and micro-CT analyses were performed. New bone area (NBA) and connective tissue volumes were measured. Stereologic analysis showed that Group RSV-5 and RSV-2 had significantly more new bone at 4 weeks compared with group C. Connective tissue volumes were also significantly higher in RSV applicated groups. New bone and connective tissue volumes' difference were not statistically significant between RSV groups. Micro-CT results were similar with stereologic analyses. Orally administered RSV enhances bone regeneration in critical size calvarial rat defects filled with autogenous graft furthermore possible inflammatory effect should be investigated.

Histological Evaluation of the Effect of Concentrated Growth Factor on Bone Healing.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of concentrated growth factors (CGF) on the healing of peri-implant bone defects in an animal model. STUDY DESIGN: Twenty 4-month-old New Zealand White rabbits, each with an average weight of 3.5 kg, were used in this blinded, prospective, experimental study. Two implants were placed and 2 peri-impant defects were prepared in each rabbit tibia. Bone defects were created monocortically in the tibia of each rabbit using a trephine burr with a diameter of 8 mm. The implants were installed in each hole. The rabbits were divided into 4 groups: in group E, the defect was left empty; in group CGF, the defects were filled only with CGF; in group AB, the defects were filled with autogenous bone; and in group AB+CGF, the defects were filled with autogenous bone and CGF. The animals were euthanized at week 8 postimplantation. All implants from the 20 animals were fixed in 10% formalin and evaluated histomorphometrically. RESULTS: The mean defect area was highest in group E and lowest in group CGF+AB (P <0.05). The area of the defect differed significantly between groups AB and CGF+AB (P <0.05), but not between groups CGF and E. Implant-to-bone contact was lowest in group E. In the defect areas of groups CGF, AB and CGF+AB, a small amount of new bone formed around the implant. CONCLUSIONS: In this animal model of a peri-implant bone defect, restoration was achieved using a combination of autogenous bone and CGF. Further studies are needed to determine the behavior of CGF when used in the repair of bone defects in humans.

Quantitative changes in palatal donor site thickness after free gingival graft harvesting: a pilot study.

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate how donor sites thickness quantitatively change over time and at different points of donor site in spontaneous palatal wound healing after free gingival graft (FGG) harvesting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty individuals were enrolled and divided into the following two groups based on the residual tissue thickness (RTT) after harvesting: Group 1, <2 mm; and Group 2, ≥2 mm. FGGs were standardized according to their dimensions and thickness and then harvested. Tissue filling was measured at three points of the defect area (mesial, central and distal) at various time points (baseline, after harvesting, and at 1, 3 and 6 months). RESULTS: The thickness of newly formed tissue from the baseline to 1 month after harvesting was greater in Group 2 than in Group 1, whereas the thickness from 1 to 3 months and from 3 to 6 months after harvesting was greater in Group 1 than in Group 2 (p < 0.005). RTT was positively correlated with tissue filling in all the groups at all time points (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The palatal mucosal thickness after FGG harvesting might affect the filling of the defect. Within the study period, the periphery of the palatal wounds filled earlier and to a greater extent compared with the centre of the wounds.

Assessment of MMP-1, MMP-8 and TIMP-2 in experimental periodontitis treated with kaempferol.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a dietary flavonoid, kaempferol, which has been shown to possess antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, and antioxidant activities on the periodontium by histomorphometric analysis and on gingival tissue matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), MMP-8, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) by biochemical analysis of rats after experimental periodontitis induction. METHODS: Sixty Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups of ten rats each, and silk ligatures were placed around the cervical area of the mandibular first molars for 15 days, except in the healthy control rats. In the experimental periodontitis groups, systemic kaempferol (10 mg/kg/2d) and saline were administered by oral gavage at two different periods (with and without the presence of dental biofilm) to all rats except for the ten non-medicated rats. Alveolar bone area, alveolar bone level, and attachment level were determined by histomorphometric analysis, and gingival tissue levels of MMP-1, MMP-8, and TIMP-2 were detected by biochemical analysis. RESULTS: Significantly greater bone area and significantly less alveolar bone and attachment loss were observed in the kaempferol application groups compared to the control groups (P<0.05). In addition, gingival tissue MMP-1 and -8 levels were significantly lower in the kaempferol application groups compared to the control groups and the periodontitis group (P<0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in TIMP-2 levels between the kaempferol and saline application groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Kaempferol application may be useful in decreasing alveolar bone resorption, attachment loss, and MMP-1 and -8 production in experimental periodontitis.